文明双语台词对白剧本

原创翻译双语字幕

翻译: 斗斗 Alex huiyi 喵星人卧底斑驳

翻译: 薄荷9559 千只鹤飞过波千鸟 elingbow

I've always felt at home in the past.

我总能在过去找到归家的感觉

翻译: 艾伦尔榭蓬蓬裙往事與你海云生

For after all, what is the present

毕竟没有那连绵不断的过往记忆

校对： 24_1900 团子后期: 鱼骨头

except an endless chain of memories?

又何来今朝呢

时间轴: 林卡大葱姜姜总监: 人妻

Some of them are translated into stone.

有些记忆被镌刻在石头上

We are all the inheritors of those memories,

我们都是这些记忆的继承者

and we look after them as best we can.

并尽可能地看顾好这些遗产

All this so we can pass on their revelation to the future.

只有这样我们才能将古人的启示传到未来

But every so often something comes along

但有些事总会时不时地发生

to shake them from our grip.

动摇着我们的继承权

In Mosul, in a matter of hours,

在摩苏尔仅用几个小时

the forces of Isis destroyed the work of centuries.

伊斯兰国就毁掉了数百年来的杰作

And when they took the ancient trading city of Palmyra

而当他们夺下巴尔米拉这座古老的贸易之城

where the cultures of Greeks, Romans, Persians,

这座希腊人罗马人波斯人

Arabs and Jews have mixed and merged,

阿拉伯人以及犹太人的文化相互融合的城市

it was feared that exactly the same would happen.

人们担心同样的暴行也会在此上演

艺术与历史博物馆日内瓦

Here in Geneva,

在日内瓦

a few Palmyrene artefacts have been saved -

有几件巴尔米拉的工艺品被保存了下来

stolen before the violence began,

在暴力发生之前被盗了出来

arrested at customs as black marketeers tried to sell them.

黑市商人销赃时在海关被查获

Like this bust of a priest.

比如这座牧师半身像

His eyes wide open, he seems not dead at all,

他的双眼圆瞪看起来绝非已死之人

just translated to a life elsewhere.

只不过是转生到另一个世界罢了

These lovingly carved

这些为已故之人

likenesses of the dead looted from their tombs

精心雕刻的肖像于主人墓中遭劫

ended up in exile, but safe for posterity.

虽流离他乡却能安然流传后世

Saving the art that remained in Palmyra, however,

然而拯救巴尔米拉残存的古迹

could come at a terrible price.

可要付出难以想象的代价

Khaled al-Asaad, the chief curator of Palmyra,

伊斯兰国夺下巴尔米拉时

was 81 when Isis took the town.

博物馆馆长哈立德·阿萨德已经八十一岁了

And when their soldiers demanded he tell them

当伊斯兰国的士兵命令他供出

where the city's artworks had been hidden, he refused.

古城艺术品的隐藏地点时他拒绝作答

They beheaded him in the Roman theatre,

他们在罗马剧场砍下了他的头

suspended his mutilated body from a traffic light,

将他的残肢挂在了信号灯上

placed his head between his feet...

将他的头夹在他的双脚之间

and attached a placard identifying him as director of idolatry.

还张贴了告示称其为邪神崇拜的始作俑者

Or we might say, protector of what needs to be saved,

而在我们眼中他是珍贵宝藏的守护者

cherished, passed on as the work of civilisation.

守住了瑰丽的文明守住了传世的杰作

A lot of us spend our days talking about art.

我们许多人会花时间谈论艺术

I doubt very many of us

但我怀疑大多数人

are prepared to lay down our lives for it,

都没有为艺术献出生命的觉悟

but for Khaled al-Asaad,

但对哈立德·阿萨德来说

the stones and statues and columns of Palmyra

巴尔米拉的这些石头雕像和石柱

were more than simply an ensemble of antiquity.

并不只是简单的古董集合

He didn't need a UNESCO certificate to tell him

他并不需要联合国教科文组织的证书来告诉他

that the significance of Palmyra

巴尔米拉的重要意义

was at once both local and universal.

并不局限于一地一区而是属于全世界

It's there for believers and unbelievers,

它既属于信徒也属于不信教的人

for East and West,

既属于东方也属于西方

and somehow it had fallen to him

而鬼使神差般地

to be the guardian of that inheritance.

守护这份遗产的重任就落到了他的肩上

We can spend a lot of time debating

我们可以花上许久来争论

what civilisation is or isn't,

什么是文明什么不是

but when it's opposite shows up in all its brutality and cruelty

但当文明的对立面将其全部的粗暴与残忍

and intolerance and lust for destruction,

狭隘与毁灭欲展现在我们眼前时

we know what civilisation is.

我们便知道了文明为何物

We know it from the shock

从文明即将丧失的震惊中

of its imminent loss as a mutilation

从人类整体被摧残的事实中

on the body of our humanity.

我们知道了文明的含义

The record of human history brims over with the rage to destroy.

人类的历史中满载着妄图毁灭的怒火

But it's also imprinted with the opposite instinct -

但也铭刻着截然相反的天性

to make things that go beyond the demands of food and shelter,

创造温饱需求之外的精神文明

things that make us see the world

以让我们以不同的眼光审视这世界

and our place in it in a different light.

审视我们与所栖身世界的关系

We are the art-making animal,

我们是创造艺术的生物

and this is what we have made.

而这就是我们所创造的文明

文明第一集

创世的第二个瞬间西蒙·沙玛为您呈现

When did it begin,

创世的第二个瞬间

that second moment of creation,

人类创造力的黎明

the dawning of human creativity?

是何时开始的呢

Where did it begin?

是从哪里开始的呢

It must have started in Africa

一定是从非洲开始的

where Homo sapiens first evolved about 200,000 years ago.

二十万年前那里首先进化出了智人

On South Africa's Cape Coast,

在南非的南海岸角

archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation

考古学家找到了大约十万年前

stretching back around 100,000 years.

人类居住地的证据

In one of those caves, this was discovered.

在其中一个洞穴中发现了这个

77,000 years old,

七万七千年的历史

a piece of red ochre, a mineral naturally rich in iron,

一块红赭石一种天然富含铁的矿物

etched in a diamond pattern.

蚀刻着菱形图案

The oldest deliberately decorative marks ever discovered.

这是迄今为止发现最早的装饰性图案

The pattern may have been a kind of language

这个图案可能是某种语言

or a kind of number scoring,

或是某种计数方法

but it's hard to see them as serving any functional need

但看不出是用作

connected with shelter or sustenance.

和吃住相关的功能性需求

They are a design,

这是一种设计

and design announces the beginning of culture.

这一设计宣告了文明的开始

埃尔卡斯蒂略洞穴西班牙

Another 40,000 years pass and in northern Spain

又过了四万年在西班牙的北部

within a hill so uncannily conical it seems man-made

在一座好似人造般的锥形山体里

that mineral, that red ochre, has become paint.

这种矿石红赭石被用作了涂料

Deep inside a cave,

在洞穴深处

rudimentary marks have bloomed and multiplied, red circles.

原始符号如红色的圆圈成倍地蔓延开来

There are no brushes, no sticks to lay on this paint,

没有画笔和树枝可以蘸上这涂料

they are all applied orally

都是用嘴弄上去的

colour swilled in the mouth with saliva

将涂料与唾液在口中混合

and blown directly onto the rock.

然后直接喷到岩石上

And then these,

还有这些

an eruption of design not blown onto the surface, but painted.

这成片的绘画不是喷上去的而是手绘而成

Contours, outlines, flowing streams of dots.

线条轮廓成串的圆点

There's a meaning here, but we don't know what it is.

肯定代表着什么但我们并不知道

The signs of a biological compulsion to pattern,

这些迹象表明了对绘画的本能冲动

it's what we humans do,

这正是我们的天性

what we want to do,

我们想这么做

what we can't stop ourselves doing.

我们无法控制自己

And then you come across this.

然后再来看看这些

手板画埃尔卡斯蒂略洞穴公元前三万七千年

And in an instant, vast millennia of time just collapse

就在一瞬间数千年的时间过去了

and you're in the midst of fellow humans.

你站在了人类同胞中间

Their hands doing what hands do,

他们用双手做事

signalling from a very long way off,

从很远的地方发出信号

37,000 years distant, in fact.

确切来说是三万七千年前

But this long-distance greeting somehow makes us bond

但不知怎么这长距离的问候却把我们

with the makers of this because they establish a presence

和这些创作者紧紧相连因为他们创造了

that is palpably alive.

一个鲜活的存在

Astonishingly,

令人吃惊的是

hand stencils like these have been found in caves

远在印度尼西亚和巴塔哥尼亚的洞穴里

as far apart as Indonesia and Patagonia.

也有这些手板画的存在

Wherever we went, it seems

似乎无论去往何地

the urge to signal a presence went with us.

想留下人类印记的强烈欲望都一直存在

And, undeniably, these hand stencils do

无可否认这些手板画

what nearly all art that would follow would aspire to.

做到了几乎后来所有艺术所追求的

First, they want to be seen by others,

首先它们渴望被他人发现

and then they want to endure beyond the life of the maker.

其次它们想超脱创造者生命的限制

Like the earliest photographs,

就像最早的照片一样

the images here are faded, indistinct,

这些图像已变得模糊难以辨别

but something tantalising is happening -

但有些诱人的事在悄然发生

the realisation that we can, however crudely, represent.

我们意识到我们可以呈现生活尽管形式粗糙

In another cave further west in Asturias,

再往西的阿斯图里亚斯的另一个山洞里

20 minutes walk away from any daylight,

走二十分钟来到黑暗深处

are images that are anything but crude.

这里画着一些绝不粗糙的图案

This was a doubling of the world, a life copy,

这是个复制的世界生活的翻版

and executed with startling precision of drawing technique.

并以精密得令人惊讶的技术绘制而成

They even understood modelling,

他们甚至有立体的概念

anatomical features following the rock wall surface of the cave.

洞穴岩壁表面下的剖面结构

And there were many colours,

画中的色彩也更为丰富

not just the ubiquitous red ochre, but violets and blacks.

不仅有随处可见的红褐色还有紫罗兰和黑色

And all those techniques

而这些技术

seem to have been there from the beginning,

似乎从文明开始就已经存在了

tens of thousands of years ago.

远在几万年前

When you think about this technique, your head just spins

要使用这项技术你的大脑必须高速运转

because it has to have been, above all, a memory exercise.

毕竟这是个脑力活动

They would have had to fix in their mind exact anatomical details

他们必须在脑海中构建出具体结构

and then transpose them here on the surface of the cave.

然后把它们转绘到洞穴里的岩壁上

And, yet, when all that was done,

而当这一切都实现后

they managed to preserve miraculously this animal vitality.

他们设法奇迹般地保存了这种动物的生气

This is truly one of the great marvels

这确实是人类突然开阔的思想

of the suddenly expanded human mind.

所创造的伟大奇迹之一

It was in the later years of the 19th century

直到十九世纪后期

that images like these began to be discovered.

这样的绘画才逐渐被发现

The first, and for many years the most famous,

最早也是很长时间内最有名的壁画

were in the caves of Altamira,

是在阿尔塔米拉石洞被发现的

also in northern Spain.

也位于西班牙北部

Extraordinary paintings of bison, herds of them,

壁画上成群的野牛超凡绝伦

sleeping, lying, standing.

睡着的躺着的站着的

But as the number of painted caves discovered grew,

但随着越来越多的壁画石洞被发现

it became clear that art and music came into the world together,

人们逐渐认识到绘画和音乐是同时来到世间的

for musical instruments were found.

因为石洞中还发现了乐器

Animal horns...

动物角

flutes made from bones of vultures,

秃鹫骨头做成的笛子

and even more hauntingly, bullroarers,

还有更令人难以忘怀的吼板

a piece of wood tied to a rope spun round the head

把一块木头绑在绳子上在头顶旋转

that makes this strange whooping sound.

从而发出奇怪的吼叫声

Recent experiments with these instruments have suggested

近期关于这些乐器的实验表明

that the proximity of painting and music was not accidental,

绘画和音乐的相似性并非偶然

that they were connected elements in sacred rituals.

它们是神圣仪式中相关联的元素

I'm using software to test the acoustics in the space.

我正在用软件来测试这个空间的声音特性

So we generate this swept sine wave

我们生成这个正弦扫频信号

and we use that to capture the acoustic of the cave.

然后利用它来测定洞穴的声音特性

And we can look for relationships between sound and paintings.

接着我们可以来寻找声音和绘画之间的关系

鲁珀特·希尔博士哈德斯菲尔德大学

So the earliest paintings

早期的壁画

seem to be in these small little side areas

在这些看上去小小的边缘地带

where maybe one person might be there alone.

可能只有一个人待着

And then the later paintings seem to be in more grand places,

后来的一些壁画位于看上去大一点的地方

a venue where a few people would have gathered,

可能是一群人聚集的一个会场

somewhere more dramatic that sounds more dramatic.

地方更大声音也更丰富

You can compare these spaces to a cathedral or a temple.

你可以把这些地方看作是教堂或寺庙

They're places where people came for sacred moments

人们为了神圣的活动来到这里

which were full of imagery and ritual and music.

活动中充满了绘画仪式和音乐

And it's like going into a place that's kind of underground,

就像进入了地下

where you can stop time,

在这里你可以停止时间

where you can pause and have that special moment

可以停下来享受一个特别的时刻

where you're out of time, where you're somewhere else.

不受时间约束的另一个所在

Painting is the sound.

壁画就是声音

The sound making, the music-making,

发出的声响演出的音乐

whatever was happening in this sacred ritual,

在这个神圣的仪式中发生的一切

that is the painting.

都被记录在了壁画中

The painting is what's left of that activity.

壁画是这些活动中留存下来的东西

Anthropologists and archaeologists tell us

人类学家和考古学家告诉我们

that almost all of ice-age painting

几乎所有冰河世纪的壁画

had some sort of otherworldly ritual function,

都有一些超脱尘世的仪式功能

and that, therefore, it ought not to be seen as art.

因此它们不应被看作是艺术

Though, of course, religion has been a primary purpose of art

尽管数千年来宗教都是艺术的

for thousands of years.

主要目的

德拉肯斯堡山脉南非

In Africa, the animals that dominate European cave paintings

欧洲壁画由动物主导但在非洲

are accompanied by humans.

它们还有人类相伴

They appear as stylised, elongated figures.

他们以固定风格的细长的形象出现

Sometimes they're shown while becoming transformed into beasts.

有的时候他们还以野兽化的形象出现

Men with the heads of antelopes,

长着羚羊头的人

creatures that could never have been observed from life,

这是生活中看不到的生物

but which arose from the trance-struck imagination of the shamans.

而是源自于萨满的迷幻想象

In the rock art of Africa, these hybrids were painted.

在非洲的岩画中画着这些兽人

In Europe, where there were far fewer of them,

在欧洲兽人形象相比非洲少很多

they went three-dimensional.

但他们变成了三维立体的

In 1939, the fragments of this lion-man,

1939年在德国的石洞中发现了

carved from mammoth ivory, were found in a German cave.

这个用猛犸象牙雕刻而成的狮人的碎片

They remained an unsolved puzzle for 30 years

它们成了一个三十年未解之谜

before archaeologists realised that they formed a single figure

直到考古学家发现它们拼在一起是一个人物形象

made between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago.

距今三万五千到四万年

This may be a shaman in the middle of a transformation.

这可能是一个正在变身的萨满

It may be the very first of the beast gods,

它可能是最早的兽神

around which Pagan religions would build their mythologies.

异教的神话就是围绕它们创造的

Perhaps the making of such things was itself a sacred calling.

也许制作这样的东西本身就是一件神圣使命

To see how much work was needed to make a lion-man,

为了了解制作一个狮人需要多少精力

archaeologist Wulf Hein

考古学家沃尔夫·海因

embarked on an experiment to carve a replica

做了一个实验用真实的工具和材料

using authentic tools and materials.

来雕刻一个复制品

Without a mammoth tusk,

没有猛犸象牙

he used a piece of legally sourced elephant ivory.

他用的是一根合法获取的象牙

I started working from the whole tusk

我从完整的象牙开始动工

and then I took a big stone and hammered away this piece,

然后用大石头敲下这一块

沃尔夫·海因乌尔姆博物馆实验考古学家

and I was sweating like hell

我全程汗流浃背

because if I would have ruined it, it would be a disaster.

因为我要是搞砸了就糟了

And the most time-consuming part of the work

最费时的是

was setting free the arms

分离出手臂

because I had to take a very tiny tool

我得用一个很小的工具

and make grooves like this underneath, into the ivory,

在象牙上挖出这样的凹槽

and just scratch and scratch and days and days

一天天不停地挖

and working and working.

一直挖

I had blisters on my hands, and every finger was aching.

挖得我手上起了水泡每根手指都疼

It was very heavy work.

工作量很大

I started in April

我从四月动工

and I stopped working in the middle of July.

到七月中旬结束

I worked about four, five hours a day.

每天大概制作四五个小时

In the end, it was about 400 hours, then I stopped counting.

最后算了下有四百个工时

I guess it was a real artist who made this.

我觉得它的制作者是真正的艺术家

And he was set free by his community

他的族人允许他

only to do this piece of artwork.

只专心制作这个工艺品

If you do this a whole summer or a whole winter through,

如果你花整个夏天或冬天做这个

you can't go hunting, you can't go fishing, you can't do nothing

你就无法打猎钓鱼什么都干不了

because you work all day on it.

因为你全天都得干这个

It must have had incredible meaning for the people who made it.

它对制作者一定有非同寻常的意义

And these must have been charged with meaning too.

而这些应该也被赋予了特殊意义

Small figurines embodying the primal life events

这些小雕像展现了原始生活的

of birth and procreation.

生产及生殖行为

Gravid earth mothers weighty with fertility,

孕育着生命的大地母亲大腹便便

enormous distended breasts and buttocks.

有着极其丰满的胸部和臀部

So powerfully elemental they seemed to speak directly

这些元素是如此醒目现代艺术家们

to modern artists when they first saw them.

第一眼见到它们就读懂了其中的含义

The most self-consciously modern of them all, Picasso,

其中最具有现代意识的那位毕加索

told a friend that no sculptor had ever bettered

曾告诉一个朋友没有雕塑家可以超越

the Palaeolithic carvers.

旧石器时代的雕刻家们

He bought a copy of this one, Venus of Lespugue,

他购买了这尊《莱斯皮盖的维纳斯》的一个复制品

and kept it in his studio all his life.

并终生把它保存在画室中

Was he touched by its archaic spirituality?

他是被它古老的灵性所触动了吗

No.

不是

He was earthly and worldly,

他是一个凡俗之人

but he felt a deep communion with the makers of a physical art.

却与这艺术品的制作者有着深深的共鸣

And there were traces of that communion elsewhere in his work.

这一共鸣在他的作品里也有迹可循

阿尔塔米拉洞

Despite rumours, there's no direct evidence

虽然并未有证据证实

that Picasso ever visited the painted caves of Altamira

但据称毕加索曾去过阿尔塔米拉洞

or saw in person the extraordinary painted bison

并亲眼见过岩洞里

that those caves contained.

非凡的野牛壁画

But he was obsessed with animals,

他非常着迷于动物

one animal in particular,

特别是一种动物

not the bison, but it's cousin, the bull,

不是野牛而是它的近亲公牛

an animal to which he returned again and again.

一遍又一遍地出现在他的作品里

Do we think this is mere coincidence?

这只是巧合吗

He liked to call himself a modern primitive,

他喜欢称他自己为现代的原始人

and in those images, glimmering images in the caves,

从洞穴里那些幽亮的图案中

he found, he thought, a fountainhead

他找寻着思考着

of everything that was truly creative about the artistic instinct.

艺术天性的一切创造性本源

So he paid cave art the ultimate compliment

所以他通过创作类似的作品

by doing something very similar.

来表达对洞穴艺术最真挚的赞美

He looked at a bull

他观察公牛

and then he produced this beautiful,

然后创作出了这头

dashing, impulsive picture of a bull

美丽的雄赳赳气昂昂的公牛

so close to the original in Altamira,

它与阿尔塔米拉的原作如此相似

it could even have been a studious copy.

甚至算得上是学习性的临摹了

But then he produced another ten prints,

然后他又画了十幅

bulls drawn from his own enormous range of styles,

完全不同风格的公牛

from meaty naturalism

从充满肌肉的自然主义

through classical Cubism

到经典的立体主义

to a lightly delineated bull that's really

再到这幅只有简单的线条勾勒

just a pair of horns

几乎只有牛角

and then that other thing that bulls always need.

和公牛必须有的另一部位的画

The entire sequence expresses his admiration

这个系列表达了

for the genius of the cave painters,

他对洞穴画家神来之笔的崇拜

his belief that ancient or modern,

他相信无论在古代还是现代

the hand of the painter,

画家的手艺

the hand of the artist, never really changes.

艺术家的手艺不会改变

And I have to say, I agree with Picasso.

我必须得说我同意毕加索的看法

国家考古博物馆圣日耳曼昂莱巴黎附近

We can walk into rooms like this one

我们走进像这样的房间

which preserve the 19th century style of museum presentation -

它依旧保留着十九世纪博物馆的展览风格

abundance.

内容丰富

And as we wander through case after case,

我们走过一个个展柜

not just of minute fashioning tools,

不仅有精细的加工工具

but ivory and bone,

还有象牙和骨头

decorated with startling images of birds and horses,

上面装饰着令人震撼的鸟和马的图案

we can't avoid pushing back instinctively

我们不可避免地本能地反对

against the received wisdom of the scholars

学者们公认的见解

that none of these things should ever be thought of as art.

即所有这些都不能被称作艺术

For me, the last word in this entire debate

对我来说整个辩论的定论

belongs to one tiny ancient piece in particular...

取决于一个很小的古代作品

La Dame de Brassempouy.

《布拉桑普伊女士》

The lady of Brassempouy,

《布拉桑普伊女士》于1892年

found in a cave in south-west France in 1892.

在法国西南部的一个洞穴中发现

She's between

她约有

22,000 and 25,000 years old.

两万两千到两万五千年的历史

With this intensively carved female head,

这个雕刻精细的女性头部雕像

we have, for the first time,

标志着我们第一个

something immensely and movingly momentous.

极为重要令人激动的发现

We have the revelation of the human face.

我们创作出了人类的面孔

It's a tiny thing, it can

就这样一个小小的作品

just go in the palm of your hand.

能放在你的掌心

This is exquisite.

非常精致

There are downward strokes and sideward strokes

有向下的刻痕也有横向的刻痕

there is carving and gouging and polishing and scraping.

刻凿磨刮

Every kind of extraordinary craft is applied

各种非凡工艺的运用

to give this face what we have to say is its personality.

使这面庞展现出我们所说的个性

One example,

举个例子

a dig is made below the forehead

额头下面有个凹陷

to suggest the presence of eyes.

代表了眼睛

Those eyes are hauntingly vivid.

这对眼睛生动形象难以忘怀

They only become eyes when a shadow falls over

只有当那道刻痕处于阴影中时

that passage in the head.

眼睛才显现

So this little piece would have been turned into the light

所以这件小艺术品必须面朝光线

and as it was turned into the light, the shadow would have fallen

当它面朝光线时阴影落下

and suddenly we have eyes as well as that beautiful nose

突然间我们就看到了眼睛还有那漂亮的鼻子

and this extraordinary hair falling down the nape of the neck.

美丽的头发落在颈后

Now we are not supposed to say,

我们不应该说

us amateurs in this field,

我们这个领域的业余者

we're not supposed to talk about art,

我们不应该讨论艺术

we're not supposed to talk about things like

我们不应该讨论诸如

the birth of a refined sensibility.

精妙鉴赏力的诞生之类的话题

I'm going to do that nonetheless.

尽管如此我还是要这么做

I don't care how anachronistic it is.

我不在乎这多么不合时宜

With this tiny piece from Brassempouy,

有了这个出自布拉桑普伊的小小物件

it seems to me that we have, right in front of us,

好像在我们面前

the dawn of the idea of beauty.

就是美这一概念诞生的前夕

But beauty is hard to eat.

但美很难理解

The slow growth of civilisations depended, at first,

最初文明的缓慢发展

on practicalities -

依赖于实践

the domestication of animals and cereal crops.

动物的驯化和粮食作物的种植

The most ancient wheats were harvested on sites

最古老的小麦大约于一万年前

near the River Jordan about 10,000 years ago.

在约旦河附近被收割

Civilisations started small,

文明社会诞生于小事物

it depended on the invention of needful things -

它依赖于必需品的发明

pottery vessels for cooking, eating and storage.

用来做饭吃饭和储藏的陶容器

Excavations in Iraq in the 1920s and '30s

二十世纪二十和三十年代在伊拉克的出土物

began to reveal how intensive irrigation of the planes

揭示了在底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的

between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates had allowed

平原上的集约灌溉是如何促使

the world's first true cities to arise.

世界上第一个真正城市群的崛起

By about 5,000 years ago,

到大约五千年前为止

cities with tens of thousands of inhabitants,

拥有成千上万的人口的城市

such as Ur and Uruk,

比如乌尔和乌鲁克

were producing art

产生了展现

that reflected the self-image of the powerful.

强者形象的艺术

乌尔军旗美索不达米亚公元前二千五百年

Here is the Standard of Ur

这是乌尔军旗

where mosaic inlaid in bitumen

沥青上镶嵌的马赛克图案

showed the scenes that mattered most.

展现了当时最为重要的场景

Soldiers march,

士兵行军

war wagons roll,

战车前进

and on the reverse, a court convenes

在其背面是一个宫廷聚会的场景

with the king depicted larger than his priests and courtiers,

国王的尺寸大于他的祭司和朝臣们

ranged below the catering classes, the toilers and hewers.

第二层是侍从阶级最下面一层是苦工

It's a complete social world,

这是个完整的社会风貌

and it came with writing.

与之一起被发掘的还有这些文字

These scripts usually recorded administrative matters,

这些文稿通常记录着行政事务

but sometimes told the stories of heroes

有些也讲述英雄事迹

and deities.

和神明故事

And animals continue to provide the models

动物们一直是

for gods and monsters.

神明和怪兽的原型

灌木丛中的公羊乌尔美索不达米亚公元前二千六百年

This gorgeous goat, also from Ur,

这只同样来自乌尔的华丽的山羊

drew materials from far and wide.

是由来自四面八方的材料描绘而成的

White shells were from the Red Sea,

来自红海的白色贝壳

the blue lapis lazuli from far Afghanistan,

来自遥远的阿富汗的蓝色青金岩

and the gold leaf was the work of local goldsmiths.

还有当地金匠制成的金叶子

Around 4,500 years ago,

大约四千五百年前

in the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean,

在地中海东部的岛屿上

migrants from Western Asia

西亚移民

seeded Europe's first great civilisation,

播下了欧洲第一个伟大文明的种子

the culture of the Minoans.

也就是米诺斯文明

Its ruins are everywhere

从克里特岛到爱琴海诸岛

on Crete and on the islands of the Aegean.

它的遗址遍布各处

This must have been a fishing village.

这里曾经一定是一个渔村

You can almost hear the bustle.

你几乎可以听见那时的喧嚣

Protected by the sea on two sides, but closely packed.

两面环海布局紧凑

So even here people will have had to learn the skills

即使是在这里居民也要学习

that any fixed settlement requires -

定居生活需要的技能

how to be neighbourly.

例如邻里相处之道

But there's more to civilisation than keeping neighbours happy.

但文明不止于邻里和睦

On Crete itself, we find the ruins of large towns

光是在克里特岛上就有大型城镇的遗址

where the streets still thread their way,

街道穿过城镇

opening onto grandiose plazas,

通往宏伟的广场

spaces for ceremony and pomp,

在那里会举行盛大典礼

for ritual and for politics.

宗教仪式政治活动

Minoan cultural style spread across the Aegean Sea

米诺斯文明的文化风格穿越了爱琴海

to islands like Santorini.

来到了圣托里尼等岛屿

A volcanic eruption destroyed the port city of Akrotiri

约在公元前1627年火山喷发

in around 1627 BCE,

摧毁了港口城市阿克罗蒂里

but the ash preserved the murals found here

但这里的壁画上生动鲜明的形象

in all their vivid realism.

得以被火山灰保存下来

They raised the ghost of a seagoing civilisation,

它们展现了当时航海文明的景象

a clear ancestor of our own

这文明是我们现代航海文明的始祖

with its clamour and glamour, its commercial pulse.

迷人喧闹商业繁华

船队游行阿克罗蒂里希腊公元前一五五零年

These passengers aren't going to the afterlife,

这些旅客并不是要去来世

they're on ferries and festive excursions.

而是在渡轮上在节日的欢庆中

And on the land behind them, there are streets

在他们身后的陆地上我们可以看到

with multistorey houses,

街道边的多层楼房

and in the richer of them, decorative paintings

较为富有人家的屋外还绘有装饰画

of the kind consumers would want for ever after.

是顾客看到就会一直想要的那种

This is the first truly

这是世人见到的第一件

social art the world had seen.

真正的展示社会形态的艺术作品

Here are beautiful youths duking it out.

这是美丽的青少年在进行拳击

Here are saffron gatherers.

这些是藏红花采集者

Here are swallows.

这里绘有燕子

A perpetual springtime brought into the living room.

客厅里永恒的春色

One contact sport dominated

跳牛是米诺斯文化中最主要的

Minoan culture - bull leaping.

一项接触性运动

Young men, possibly women too,

从事这项运动的男青年或许也有女青年

back flipping over charging bulls.

后空翻过奔跑的公牛

It's long been argued that this was too dangerous

这项运动太过危险它到底是真实存在的

to have actually happened,

还是只是艺术所描绘的神话和幻想

that the art captures a myth, a fantasy.

是人们长期争议的话题

公牛和跳牛者米诺斯时期克里特岛公元前1600至1450年

And yet in the British Museum,

然而在大英博物馆

there's a little bronze sculpture

有一尊小型青铜雕塑

that's pulsing with a natural energy

像是被自然的能量赋予了生命

that feels absolutely true to life.

使人感到如此逼真

What strikes me as being physically real

其制作逼真到让我震撼是因为

is the fact that this is not a stylised piece of work at all.

这根本不是一件模式化的作品

It has physical immediacy.

它好像就要呼之欲出

Even though our jumper has lost his legs,

即使这位跳跃着的勇士失去了腿

his back is braced, his head is flung back.

他的后背绷紧头往后仰

And the bull, the bull is indeed a bull in full charge -

而这头公牛也蓄势待发

front and back legs tensed.

前后腿紧绷

The eyes, and you can actually see the eyes, are blazing,

看这双眼睛你可以看到目光炯炯

and the muzzle is snorting with dangerous foam.

并且它口鼻喘气带着危险的白沫

Around the 15th century BCE,

大约在公元前十五世纪

Minoan culture was producing myriad

米诺斯文明制造了无数

tiny masterpieces.

小型的杰作

Seal stones to be pressed into soft wax

印石会被按入温软的蜂蜡

or worn as micro art.

或是当作随身小饰品

Gold rings, sometimes decorated with goddesses

金戒指有时刻绘着女神

or their priestesses,

或是她们的女祭司

bare-breasted, wasp-waisted with flaring skirts.

袒胸露乳细腰如柳裙摆飞扬

Minoan art was irresistibly attractive

米诺斯艺术对于

to a raw rising power

一股希腊土地上的新兴力量来说

on the Greek mainland.

具有不可抵挡的吸引力

Here was a culture that wanted to clothe its belligerence

这是一段想用精心粉饰来掩藏

in sophistication

其好战本质的文明

that would play a vital role in European history -

它在欧洲历史上至关重要

the Mycenaeans.

那就是迈锡尼文明

皮洛斯希腊

In 2015,

2015年

American archaeologists were digging in western Greece,

美国考古学家在希腊西部进行挖掘

and here, far from Crete,

在这片远离克里特岛的地方

they made the most significant discovery

他们有了许多年以来

of Minoan artefacts for many, many years.

在米诺斯文明人造品上最惊人的发现

They found the grave of a warrior

他们找到了一座战士墓

buried around the year 1450 BCE.

墓主在约公元前1450年被埋葬

Here we are in the grave

我们现在在坟墓里

to look at our body today.

看我们找到的遗体

It was the body of a Mycenaean.

这是一具迈锡尼人的遗体

Pretty amazing.

非常棒

Yet almost all the objects

但所有和遗体一起发现的物件

found with the body were clearly Minoan.

都显然来自米诺斯文明

This is our third gold ring.

这是我们找到的第三个金戒指

Four solid gold rings were eventually found in the grave.

最终从墓中发掘出四个纯金戒指

They're just exquisite, actually.

它们真的非常精致

莎朗·斯托克博士辛辛那提大学

The craftsmanship on all of them is stunning.

所有的物件都巧夺天工

And they all have their own story to tell.

而且它们都各有故事可以诉说

They're very much like the iconography

它们拥有和你在克里特岛上发现的

that you find in Minoan Crete.

米诺斯时期人造品相似的艺术构成

I think that's a really important lesson to learn

我认为这是学习

杰克·戴维斯教授辛辛那提大学

- about how civilisations evolve. - Yeah.

-文明如何进步的重要一课 -是的

That civilisations are constantly borrowing

各种文明在自我发展时

and receiving inspirations from their predecessors

都不断从他们的祖先和周围文明那里

and from those that surround them as they evolve.

进行借鉴并汲取灵感

In total, the grave contained

这座坟墓共包含

over 1,500 separate objects.

逾一千五百件独立物品

There was a corroded bronze mirror and ivory combs.

里面有生锈的青铜镜和象牙梳

Vanity was part of the warrior's job description.

战士的一大特点便是虚荣

Hair was ritually combed before battle.

他们会在战斗前仪式性地梳头

And, of course, there were swords.

当然了还有剑

The grave of the Griffin Warrior has all of the artefacts

格里芬战士墓拥有你能想象到

that you would expect a warrior

一个战士一生能积累下的

to have accumulated in his lifetime.

所有人造品

And this is the first time that we can really understand

这是我们第一次可以真正了解

what the complete warrior kit looked like.

完整的战士装备是什么样

One of the objects found in the grave -

发掘出的一件物品

tiny, not quite 1.5 inches long -

很小不足3.8厘米

was crusted in mud and minerals.

当时被泥土和矿物层层裹住

Once cleaned, it forces us to rethink everything

而它清理后的模样迫使我们重新认识

we thought we knew about this moment in history.

我们自以为熟知的那段历史

战斗玛瑙印章希腊皮洛斯公元前1500年

High resolution photographs

高分辨率相片

show the extraordinary achievement.

展示出这一物件的非凡成就

We see the long hair flowing free

我们看到本来在战斗前

that would have been combed before battle.

应被梳理整齐的长发自由地飘逸

We see a sword lying on the ground

我们看到地上横着一把剑

exactly like the swords discovered in the grave.

和墓中发现的剑一模一样

But that is just the beginning.

但这仅仅是开始

This is the first fight scene

这是欧洲艺术史上

in all of European art,

就我所知也是世界艺术史上

for all I know, in all of world art.

第一次出现的战斗场景

Yes, there are occasional moments of combat and battle

其他文化中确实偶尔会出现

in other cultures,

战斗场面

but they're flat, they're very stylised,

但它们都是平面的程式化的

they don't feel like the smash of bone and bronze

从中感觉不到骨骼碎裂刀光剑影

and metal and the spout of blood, this does.

血溅三尺而在这里就可以

This goes straight from

它直接将我们从公元前1450年

1450 BC to action movies.

带到了动作大片里

Look at those rippling biceps.

看看那隆起的二头肌

Look at those muscles.

看看那些肌肉

Look at those tense bodies.

看看他们紧绷的身体

This cross of locked-together fighters.

打得难解难分的战士组成了十字

A spear that's about to try and impale the body of his enemy

将要在千钧一发之际

before it's too late.

插入敌人身体的长矛

The sword that's about to plunge down.

即将刺下的剑

It's 3-D, folks. It's coming at you.

这可是三维效果向你扑面而来

And, inevitably, there is already a dead body,

无可避免里面已有横尸一具

perfectly modelled, an arm bent back.

造型完美一条手臂向后弯曲

Homer speaks of such bodies

荷马将这样的尸体描写为

with a hand or a face

一只手或一张脸

writhing in the dust.

在尘埃中痛苦地扭曲

But, people,

但是各位

Homer is 700 years later.

荷马在七百年后才出生

700 years later, the time between Chaucer and us.

七百年也就是乔叟和我们相隔的时间

Somebody out there with

拥有鹰一般敏锐目光的某个人

incredible hawklike eyesight is drawing on a body

描绘出那些战斗诗文里

of combat literature

呈现出的人体形象

that goes all the way down to those beautiful Homeric inventions.

多年后依然出现在荷马的华美作品里

It sets something running in European culture.

它在欧洲文化的血脉中流传

This Mycenaean love of guts and glory

迈锡尼文明对勇武与荣耀的爱

and the Mycenaeans themselves, along with the Minoans,

以及迈锡尼人自己都将与米诺斯

will pass into history.

一同成为历史

But this doesn't pass into history,

但此情此景并未成为历史

it passes into poetry.

它被写进诗篇

It passes for ever into the world.

并将永存于世间

Sometimes there are discoveries that radically transform

新的发现有时会彻底颠覆

existing knowledge.

已有的认知

But then there are other discoveries

而有些其他的发现

that reveal a culture so far outside the river of history

又会展现出一段远离历史长河的文化

that we may never truly understand them.

我们也许永远无法完全了解它们

As Mycenae rose about 3,000 years ago,

三千年前当迈锡尼兴起之时

an extraordinary culture grew in west central China -

一段非凡的文明在中国中西部发展壮大

Sanxingdui.

三星堆

三星堆中国

Its remains were unearthed in 1986 on a building site.

1986年三星堆遗址在一处建筑工地被发现

The revealed pits contained hundreds of elephant tusks,

发掘出的考古坑中包含数百枚象牙

the remains of sacrificed animals,

祭祀牲畜的遗骸

and a vast and startling abundance

以及数目惊人的

of masks.

面具

There were scores of masks,

那里出土了大量面具

There were giant masks

有些体积巨大

which probably stood in some sort of temple.

可能被安放在某种神殿内

There were little itty-bitty masks,

也有些非常小巧的

There were masks that were user-friendly,

还有些则很适合人使用

that almost certainly could be worn on the face.

几乎能确定能将它们戴在脸上

They all have huge eyes.

它们都有巨大的眼睛

This one, you can still see a few traces of black paint.

这个面具上依然能看到黑色颜料的痕迹

They were painted black.

它们原本被漆成黑色

Dashing eyebrows.

剑眉

Diamond-shaped eyes.

菱形眼睛

Nothing in the rest of ancient China has ever been discovered

古代中国发现的其他所有文物

remotely like these faces, like these heads.

和这些面孔这些头像都毫无相似之处

The bronze is the same,

同样都是青铜

the figures and faces are not.

人物与相貌则迥异

Nothing that can tell us anything about the people

我们无法从任何现存遗迹中了解

who made these objects has survived.

铸造这些物品的人

There are no writings,

没有文字记载

no other histories to tell us who they were.

亦无其他史料告诉我们他们是谁

It's been suggested that some of the masks

有人猜测某些面具

might have been used in rituals by

有可能在降灵仪式中

impersonators of the dead -

被巫师使用

those enormous eyes which see beyond the world,

那些能看透尘世的巨眼

the ears which might hear what the departed say.

那些能聆听死者的耳朵

But this is all pure speculation.

但这纯属猜测

The civilisation of Sanxingdui came, it flourished,

三星堆文明出现繁荣

and then it disappeared off the face of the earth.

然后从地球上消失了

But civilisation is always a balancing act.

但文明总是此消彼长

There may be enemies at the gates,

既有外敌

there may be enemies within the walls,

也有内鬼

and sometimes the very landscape and climate

有时文化在发展时

in which a culture grows must be conquered.

必须征服特定的地形与气候

佩特拉约旦

It may be too rocky, too arid,

这里也许岩石遍布干旱异常

but here canyons and gullies became the streets and thoroughfares

但对于人类史上最璀璨的文明之一来说

for one of the most spectacular civilisations

在这里深谷浅壑成了

in all of human history.

大街小巷

This is Petra where the sheer improbability of its location

这就是佩特拉空前绝后的地理位置

was also the secret of its spectacular flourishing.

也是它繁荣壮大的秘诀

The reason why this tomb

这座古墓能从

endured and survived armies and earthquakes

战火和地震中幸存是因为

is that the Nabateans who built it

它是由纳巴泰人

cut it into the sandstone surface of the mountain,

在山岳的砂岩表面上雕凿而成

rather than build some freestanding marble monument.

而不是什么平地而起的大理石碑

The mountains shook with earthquakes,

山岳随着地震一起震动

but these buildings stood intact.

这些建筑因而毫发无伤

The Nabateans had what you might call

纳巴泰人有着一种对

an instinct for cultural ecology.

所谓文化生态的本能

They worked with the rock of their desert home.

他们以沙漠之家的岩石为基

The columns are graceful.

立柱华美

The capitals are heavily decorated.

柱顶精心装饰

It's all part of an international Hellenistic style,

它充斥着外邦希腊风

and, yet, it seems to me this place is very local,

但我却觉得它非常本土化

untransferable.

独一无二

This is Petra and only Petra,

这些雄伟的宫殿建筑

these great palatial buildings seem to say.

仿佛在说这里就是绝无仅有的佩特拉

More amazing still,

更令人惊讶的是

this place was built by people who were nomads

建造此地的人在公元前四世纪

when they first arrived here in the fourth century before Christ.

首次来到这里时还是游牧民族

The Nabataeans were goat herders,

纳巴泰人畜牧羊群

camel riders, dwellers in tents.

驾驭骆驼住于帐篷之中

But flocks and herds weren't going to produce this.

但游牧民族不会建起这样的地方

Petra was built on trade in incense.

佩特拉立于熏香贸易之上

2,000 years ago,

两千年前

aromatic frankincense and myrrh were essential

乳香和没药在渗透进日常生活的

for the ceremonies and rituals which punctuated daily life.

庆典和仪式中非常重要

The nondescript little chunks and granules of dried tree resin

小块干燥不起眼的树脂

produced these clouds of fragrant incense smoke,

却能产生这些弥漫的香雾

and they became the hottest trade between Africa and Persia.

它们成了非洲和波斯贸易中最火的商品

And here's the thing, the trees that produce the resin

然而生产这种树脂的树

only grow in a particular part of Arabia,

只生长在阿拉伯的特定地区

and who knew that desert mile by stony mile,

而谁又能比纳巴泰人更了解那里的

oasis by oasis, better than the Nabataeans?

一沙一石一草一木呢

No-one.

没有人

So the Nabataeans started as navigators and pilots, if you like,

为了这种珍货纳巴泰人

for this precious cargo,

首先开始担任向导

went on to be full-service providers,

然后提供全方位的服务

and then thought, "Well,

后来他们又想

why don't we trade it ourselves directly?"

"为什么我们不自己直接开展贸易呢"

Pretty soon they were monopolists of the incense trade,

很快他们便垄断了熏香贸易

the emperors of aromatics.

成了芳香之王

But a civilisation here was inconceivable

但如果没有一种比乳香更宝贵的东西

without the one thing more precious than frankincense -

此地就无法孕育文明

water.

水

The Nabataeans engineered systems

纳巴泰人设计了能够

to trap the rains which came in winter

收集冬天雨水的系统

and their desert hydraulics made this place not so much rose red,

他们的沙漠水利工程让这里不再红似旱漠

as bright green.

而是青如绿洲

A garden city of fountains, swimming pools,

带有喷泉游泳池的花园城市

groves and orchards.

还有树林和果园

And the water which made all that possible

是水让那一切成为了可能

also made it possible to feed a city of 30,000 people,

也是水滋养了一座三万人口的城市

many of whom were immigrants from all over the region.

许多人都来自各个不同的地方

There were Egyptians and Syrians

埃及人叙利亚人

and Judeans and Greeks and Romans,

犹太人希腊人罗马人

and they were all coming to Petra

他们都来到佩特拉

to enjoy what the Persians called a pairi daiza,

欣赏波斯人口中的"天堂公园"

a pleasure resort, a little bit of heaven on Earth.

也就是度假胜地有点"人间天堂"的意思

And they all brought a flourish

他们也随之带来了

of their own cultural styles with them.

自己民族的文化样式

Most of the art discovered here has been taken to museums,

大部分在此发现的艺术品已被送至博物馆

but what survives tells the story of a cosmopolitan playground.

但这些遗迹本身也在讲述一座玩乐大都会的故事

There are curious abstract representations

这里有纳巴泰女神的

of a Nabataean goddess...

抽象画

carved heads from the wine soaked Hellenistic cult of Dionysus.

属于酒香四溢的狄俄尼索斯教派的雕刻头像

Recent excavations have brought to light ritzy villas

最近的挖掘发现了在原生岩石层中

carved into the living rock.

雕凿出的豪华住宅

Inside them, "Here's to happiness" Murals

其中《幸福之地》壁画

from that same Dionysian cult,

也来自狄俄倪索斯教派

cherubs, vine leaves,

画上有天使葡萄树叶

the inevitable bunches of grapes.

当然也肯定有葡萄串

And from the later years of Petra's life, Byzantine mosaics

还有来自佩特拉时代后期的拜占庭镶嵌画

found beneath the sand and rubble of a ruined church.

被发现埋藏在一座教堂的废墟下

Petra had its day, or rather its centuries,

佩特拉的辉煌可能持续过好几世纪

and then it ended.

但还是结束了

Not because of conquest,

不是因为战争

but because new trade routes

仅仅是因为新贸易路线

simply made Petra commercially irrelevant.

让佩特拉在商业上变得无关紧要

And without that commercial lifeblood,

没有了商业命脉

there was no longer any reason to struggle against the desert.

就没有理由在这里与沙漠对抗了

The people left,

人们离开了

the systems for capturing water fell into disrepair,

蓄水系统无人修缮

and the desert reclaimed the city.

于是沙漠又吞噬了这座城市

卡拉克穆尔墨西哥

On the other side of the world in Central America,

而在世界另一边的中美洲

another culture would face a set of ecological conditions

另一个文明面对的生态环境

that seemed far more hospitable.

看起来就宜人多了

The Mayans lived amidst tropical forests.

玛雅人生活在热带丛林中

It looks almost absurdly fertile.

这里的土地看似异常肥沃

And these great ruins are proof that when the delicate balance

这些伟大的遗迹证明当生机勃勃的栖息地

between prospering habitat and vaulting ambition is maintained,

和人类巨大的野心之间保持微妙的平衡时

civilisations can bind rulers and the ruled,

文明能将统治者和被统治者联结到一起

and a culture can burst into riotously prolific bloom.

文化也会迸发出最蓬勃的活力

If you take away all this magnificent vegetation

如果把这些自然生长出的

that's sprung up naturally from the space,

高大植物从这里除去

you realise this is an extraordinary plaza,

你就会发现这是一个超大的广场

it's the centre of a city.

是城市的中心

Wherever you look, there are these huge stone staircases,

四目望去都是巨大的石阶

some temples, some tombs,

还有庙宇坟墓

all the more amazing because there are no draft animals,

如此神奇因为没有役畜

there are no wheels,

也没有轮状工具

so human labour only is responsible for these great things.

这些宏大的建筑全都由人力建造

This is a spectacular space.

多么壮观啊

The kind of space

这样的空间结构

you would really expect to see in Rome or Greece,

你本以为会在罗马或希腊看到

these great pyramids with platforms for performances

这些有着表演平台的大金字塔

because this, as much as anywhere

因为和西方古遗迹一样

in the Western world of antiquity,

这座建筑本质上

is essentially an urban theatre.

是一座城市剧场

It's a theatre of political and religious power.

这是政治和宗教力量的剧场

A structure like this looks down upon the citizens

这样的结构可以俯瞰人民

and forces them to look back up.

也逼迫他们必须抬头仰视

And what they looked up to was often gruesomely violent,

而他们抬头看到的也经常是可怕的一幕

the mass sacrifice of captives.

大量俘虏的献祭

And one God in particular had a special thirst...

尤其有一位神胃口极大

the rain god, Chaac.

雨神恰克

The power of the Mayan kings rested on the promise

玛雅国王的权力来源于他们承诺

that every year they would persuade Chaac to bring the rains

每年都会说服恰克降下

on which all life depended.

所有生命赖以生存的雨水

Mayan art and architecture was a prayer

玛雅的艺术品和建筑都反映了

and appealed to the weather -

对天气的祈求

"Let us live, let every year be fruitful."

"让我们活下去让年年丰收"

Only the most damaged of the art

曾经装点卡拉克穆尔并还保留在原址的

that used to adorn Calakmul remains on-site.

只有被破坏最严重的艺术品

In Mexico's anthropology museum,

在墨西哥的人类学博物馆里

we can see some of that art and how Mayan society worked.

我们可以看到部分艺术品以及玛雅社会体系

There were kings made of flesh and blood

既有拥有血肉之躯的国王

and kings made of stone,

也有石头铸就的国王

and you had to obey both kinds.

你必须全部服从

But Mayan art wasn't all enormous and formal, far from it.

但玛雅艺术并不全是宏伟正式的而恰恰相反

It was hugely varied.

它种类繁多

One of the most spectacular flourishings of creativity

这是人类历史上

in human history.

创造力最勃发的时代之一

Every human type got his or her figurine,

每种人都有他或她的小雕像

like action characters and heroes from a comic book or a play.

像是漫画书或戏剧中的人物和英雄

There were ceramic vessels and there were murals too.

有陶器也有壁画

And out of the Mayan delight in making pictures

玛雅人以绘画为乐并由此发明了

developed a fully-fledged script.

一套非常成熟的文字体系

Writing made up of glyphs or word pictures.

用象形文字[文字图片]来书写

They were brushed onto paper made from wild fig tree bark,

然后画到用野无花果树树皮制成的纸上

painted onto beautiful ceramic pottery

或是精美的陶器上

or, like this one, carved into limestone.

亦或是像这种雕刻在石灰岩上

They were everywhere in Maya city states.

它们在玛雅城邦中随处可见

The Maya were the wordiest of all ancient cultures.

玛雅文化是所有古代文化中最富文字表达的文化

So that this,

所以这个

which looks like something purely decorative, ornamental,

看起来像是单纯的装饰品

a bestiary with all these animals,

是一部包含所有这些动物的寓言集

there's a monkey,

这有一只猴子

there's a magnificently complacent frog,

这有一只洋洋自得的青蛙

there in the middle is an extremely scary killer rabbit,

在中间有一只非常可怕的杀手兔子

in fact, all these are words which make a text.

事实上所有的这些都是表意文字

Each glyph is not a single word, but it's a syllable, in fact,

每个象形文字不是独立的字词而是一个音节

and you put them together and you have a sentence, a paragraph.

把它们合在一起就成为一个句子一段话

But in this case, it makes up a date.

但在这里这些符号组成了一个日期

We know exactly what that date was.

我们很确切地知道这个日期

This is the 11th of February, 526.

就是公元526年的2月11日

In 526, Mayan civilisation was at its height.

在公元526年玛雅文明正值鼎盛时期

It's art and culture flourished

艺术和文化欣欣向荣

and many believe that the finest Mayan art of all is to be found

很多人相信在科潘城中会发现

in the city of Copan.

最美的的玛雅艺术

科潘洪都拉斯

The city was home to a dynasty

这座城市曾是一代王朝的所在地

that lasted from the fifth to the ninth centuries,

从五世纪持续至九世纪

16 successive kings ruled here.

曾被十六位国王接连统治

An archaeological team, led by Bill and Barbara Fash,

比尔和芭芭拉·法什带领的考古队

have been studying Copan for over 30 years.

已对科潘进行了三十多年的研究

And they've found that for most of its life,

他们发现在大多数时候

the art of Copan is elegant, refined, astonishing.

科潘的艺术品精妙高雅令人惊叹

Single carved steles announce the accession of new kings.

单刻石碑宣告新国王登基

It's the work of a society where that balance between habitat

这反映出在当时的社会中

and ambition is still in good order.

生存环境和野心之间依然处于良好的平衡

It's certainly hard to imagine a more vivid realisation

没有什么能比这更逼真地表现出

of the rain god Chaac than this.

雨神恰克的形象

Complete with the bubbling streams of water

包括这在雨神庇佑下

that his blessings brought.

被带来的潺潺溪流

In the seventh century, the 12th ruler of Copan

在公元七世纪科潘的第十二位统治者

commissioned a new grand structure.

下令建造一项宏伟工程

This is the hieroglyphic stairway of Copan.

这是科潘的象形文字石阶

It was built, originally, in honour of ruler 12

起初它是为了纪念第十二位统治者而建

芭芭拉·法什哈佛大学

who is portrayed here,

就是这里描绘的这位

and then was finished by ruler 15

第十五位统治者完成了修建

who added on the uppermost section of it.

添加了最上面的部分

And it has 64 steps in total

整个石阶有六十四级

and they told the history of the dynasty

讲述了整个王朝的历史

and the succession of the different rulers.

以及历任统治者的更替

The stairway itself is a monumental statement.

石阶本身就是一段不朽的记录

Certainly ruler 15 was trying to impress the population

第十五位统治者显然想给人们留下深刻印象

so he was really trying to cement in stone

所以他很努力地把科潘历史和王朝百态

what the history of Copan was and what the dynasty was

都铭刻在石头上

and to make sure that it stayed for the future.

保证后人能看得到

The hieroglyphic stairway sought to impress the people

建这座象形文字石阶是为了震撼世人

and to persuade the gods to continue to bring rain.

也为了让神明继续带来雨水

But by tunnelling beneath it, the archaeologists have discovered

但在它下方挖掘隧道时考古学家发现

that this grand structure was, in fact, badly built.

这座宏大的建筑实际上是豆腐渣工程

You can see all these gaps in the fill itself

你可以看到这些填料中的间隙

indicate that it was just loose rubble.

证明这只是排列松散的碎石

This is a terrible way to build a pyramid.

这是很差劲的金字塔造法

What this tells us is that, at this point in time,

这告诉我们在这时

威廉·法什教授哈佛大学

people were no longer as enthusiastic

人们已不像以往那样

about supporting the rulers.

热情地支持统治者了

Even though a gorgeous and very

尽管在这里建造了一排

explicit hieroglyphic stairway was built here,

华美而精致的象形文字石阶

it was built on poor fills,

但它是建在差劲的填料上的

so it was a castle built on sand,

所以这就是个沙子做基石的城堡

and with time, eventually, it did decay

随着时间流逝它终于腐朽

and the stairway itself

然后石阶本身

collapsed in a heap at the bottom of the pyramid.

垮塌成一堆废墟堆在金字塔底

The stairway we see today has been reconstructed,

我们今天看到的石阶已经过重建

but around it, we can see the chaos of the collapse.

但在它周围能看到垮塌造成的狼藉

The stairway was built as the Mayans were suffering a drought

石阶是在玛雅人经历一场

that would last decades,

持续数十年的旱灾时所修建

and the promise of rain

并且对雨水的承诺

had been a central plank of royal authority.

是支撑王族权威的核心

Shortly afterwards,

很快

the kingdom of Copan itself collapsed completely.

科潘王国彻底灭亡

All across the Mayan territories,

纵观玛雅属地

art and authority were out of step with reality.

艺术和权威与残酷的现实脱节

There was nothing grand or stately about starvation.

饥荒一点也不宏伟庄严

And the ordinary people of the Maya saw that their civilisation

玛雅平民看到他们的文明

had become a death trap and walked away,

成为了死亡陷阱于是纷纷离开

left kings and cities and art behind.

丢下了国王城市和艺术

They went back to simpler lives in the surrounding forest.

他们又回到周围的森林里过着更简单的生活

And their descendants are still very much alive.

他们的后裔今天仍然活得很好

既然我们活了下来

就不能说玛雅人不在了

塞拉芬·安东尼奥·希梅内斯玛雅人后裔

我们活了下来并想要拯救我们的文明

我们的语言

我们想要重拾我们的习俗

我们的传统

将它们传承给后代

告诉他们我们的文明没有消亡

我们的文明还在流传

它存活了下来并且我们都知道这一点

The Maya and their language lived on

玛雅人和他们的语言流传了下来

but far away from the stone monuments of their ancestors.

但是与他们祖先在石刻上的模样相去甚远

All that remained to say that beneath the forest canopy

在郁郁葱葱的森林里唯一昭显出

there was the civilisation,

这里曾有过一个文明的地方

were the summits of the platform pyramids,

就是一座座平顶金字塔的塔顶了

but only the wheeling birds

但只有盘旋的飞鸟

and the howler monkeys scrambling to the tops of trees

和攀到树顶啸叫的猴子

would have seen that.

曾经见过

All civilisations want what they can't have--

所有的文明都渴望一件不可及之事

the conquest of time.

征服时间

They build higher and grander to escape mortality.

他们建造更高更宏大的建筑以逃避消亡的命运

It never works.

但从未成功过

There's always an ending.

万物皆有终结

Cities with their markets, temples, palaces and tombs

城市连带着它们的市场寺庙宫殿和坟墓

are simply abandoned

最终被遗弃

and that great leveller, Mother Nature, closes in,

然后一视同仁的伟大的自然母亲便降临了

strangling the place with vegetation,

植被将其覆盖

covering it with desert sand.

黄沙将掩埋

It might seem, then, that it's all for nothing,

看起来所有这些都是无用功

but that's entirely wrong.

但是这就大错特错了

All these ruins, all these remains are monuments

这些遗迹和废墟都是丰碑

to human creativity,

彰显人类的创造力

human ambitions,

雄心壮志

human hopes.

以及美好希冀

Monuments to shaping hands and shaping minds.

是为巧手和匠心而立的丰碑

Monuments to humanity itself.

为人类自身而立的丰碑

文明 Civilisations 第1集: 创世第二瞬

台词